Group (periodic table)

The periodic table of the chemical elements

In chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. The name family is derived from the fact that the elements share similar characteristics and traits, just as members of any human family would. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table.

The modern explanation of the pattern of the periodic table is that the elements in a group have similar configurations of the outermost electron shells of their atoms: as most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. There are three ways of numbering the groups of the periodic table, one using Hindu-Arabic numerals and the other two using Roman numerals. The Roman numeral names are the original traditional names of the groups; the Arabic numeral names are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to replace the old names in an attempt to reduce the confusion generated by the two older, but mutually confusing, schemes.

There is considerable confusion surrounding the two old systems in use (old IUPAC and CAS) that combined the use of Roman numerals with letters. In the old IUPAC system the letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, while in the CAS system the letters A and B were designated to main group elements (A) and transition elements (B). The old IUPAC system was frequently used in Europe while the CAS was most common in America. The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. The IUPAC proposal was first circulated in 1985 for public comments,^[1] and was later included as part of the 1990 edition of their Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry.^[2]

The periodic table groups are as follows (in the brackets are shown the old systems: European and American):

• Group 1 (IA,IA): the alkali metals or lithium family
• Group 2 (IIA,IIA): the alkaline earth metals or beryllium family
• Group 3 (IIIA,IIIB): the scandium family
• Group 4 (IVA,IVB): the titanium family
• Group 5 (VA,VB): the vanadium family
• Group 6 (VIA,VIB): the chromium family
• Group 7 (VIIA,VIIB): the manganese family
• Group 8 (VIII, VIIIB): the iron family
• Group 9 (VIII, VIIIB): the cobalt family
• Group 10 (VIII, VIIIB): the nickel family
• Group 11 (IB,IB): the coinage metals (not an IUPAC-recommended name) or copper family
• Group 12 (IIB,IIB): the zinc family
• Group 13 (IIIB,IIIA): the boron family
• Group 14 (IVB,IVA): the carbon family
• Group 15 (VB,VA): the pnictogens or nitrogen family
• Group 16 (VIB,VIA): the chalcogens or oxygen family
• Group 17 (VIIB,VIIA): the halogens or fluorine family
• Group 18 (Group 0): the noble gases or helium family/neon family

1. ^ Fluck, E. New notations in the periodic table. Pure & App. Chem. 1988, 60, 431-436.[1]
2. ^ Leigh, G. J. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990. Blackwell Science, 1990. ISBN 0632024941.