Galactic coordinate system

Artist's depiction of the Milky Way galaxy, showing the galactic longitude relative to the sun.

The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system which is centered on the Sun and is aligned with the apparent center of the Milky Way galaxy. The "equator" is aligned to the galactic plane. Similar to geographic coordinates, positions in the galactic coordinate system have latitudes and longitudes.

The galactic coordinates use the Sun as vertex. Galactic longitude ℓ is measured with baseline the direction to the center of the galaxy from the sun in the galactic plane, while the galactic latitude b is measured between the object and the galactic plane with origin at the Sun

The symbols ℓ and b are used to represent the galactic longitude and latitude, respectively. The galactic longitude is measured in the plane of the galaxy using an axis pointing from the Sun to the galactic center. The galactic latitude is measured from the plane of the galaxy to the object using the Sun as vertex.^[1]

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined the galactic coordinate system in reference to the Equatorial coordinate system in 1958^[2] The north galactic pole is defined to be at right ascension 12^h 49^m, declination +27.4° (B1950), and the zero of longitude is the great semicircle that originates from this point along the line in position angle 123° with respect to the equatorial pole. The galactic longitude increases in the same direction as right ascension. Galactic latitude is positive towards the north galactic pole, the poles themselves at ±90° and the galactic equator being zero.^[3]

The equivalent system referred to as J2000 has the north galactic pole at 12^h 51^m 26.282^s +27° 07′ 42.01″ (J2000), the zero of longitude at the position angle of 122.932°.^[4] The point in the sky at which the galactic latitude and longitude are both zero is 17^h 45^m 37.224^s −28° 56′ 10.23″ (J2000). This is offset slightly from the radio sourceSagittarius A*, which is the best physical marker of the true galactic center. Sagittarius A* is located at 17^h 45^m 40.04^s −29° 00′ 28.1″ (J2000), or galactic longitude 359° 56′ 39.4″, galactic latitude −0° 2′ 46.2″.^{[citation needed]}

Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way. Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center. Horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center. The sun is marked with a yellow ball. The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue. The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red. Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars. The difference is due to dark matter or perhaps a modification of the law of gravity.^[5][6][7]

See also: Galactic rotation curve, Proper motion, Dark matter, and Modified Newtonian dynamics

The Sun rotates about the galactic center in a nearly circular path called the solar circle at a distance of 8 kpscs at a speed of 220 km/s,^[8] which is approximately the rate of rotation of the galaxy at the Sun's distance from the center. Consequently, the galactic coordinates approximate a coordinate system attached to the galaxy at the Sun's location. However, other material in the galaxy rotates at a different rate, depending in part upon its distance from the center. The predicted rate of rotation based upon known mass disagrees with the observed rate, as shown in the galaxy rotation curve and this difference is attributed to dark matter, although other explanations continually are sought, such as changes in the law of gravitation. The differing rates of rotation contribute to the proper motions of the stars.

The anisotropy of the star density in the night sky makes the galactic coordinate system very useful for coordinating surveys, both those which require high densities of stars at low galactic latitudes, and those which require a low density of stars at high galactic latitudes

• Celestial coordinate system
• Galaxy formation and evolution
• disc (galaxy)
• bulge (astronomy)
• galactic halo
• galactic corona
• Zone of Avoidance
• MOND

1. ^ Peter Duffett-Smith (1988). Practical Astronomy with Your Calculator (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 32; Figure 8. ISBN 0521356997. http://books.google.com/books?id=DwJfCtzaVvYC&pg=PA43&dq=%22galactic+coordinate%22&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA32,M1. 
2. ^ replacing an older system introduced in the 1930s."User Manual: The Galactic Coordinate System". Where is M13?. Think Astronomy (2007). Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
3. ^ James Binney, Michael Merrifield (1998). Galactic Astronomy. Princeton University Press. pp. 30-31. ISBN 0691025657. http://books.google.com/books?id=arYYRoYjKacC&pg=PA675&dq=rotation+%22proper+motion%22+galaxy+OR+galactic&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA30,M1. 
4. ^ Reid, M.J.; Brunthaler, A. (2004 2004). "The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*". The Astrophysical Journal (The American Astronomical Society) 616 (2): 883. doi:10.1086/424960. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/424960. Retrieved on 7 February 2008. 
5. ^ Peter Schneider (2006). Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology. Springer. p. 4, Figure 1.4. ISBN 3540331743. http://books.google.com/books?id=uP1Hz-6sHaMC&pg=PA100&dq=rotation+Milky+way&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA5,M1. 
6. ^ Theo Koupelis, Karl F Kuhn (2007). In Quest of the Universe. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 492; Figure 16-13. ISBN 0763743879. http://books.google.com/books?id=6rTttN4ZdyoC&pg=PA491&dq=Milky+Way+%22rotation+curve%22&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA492,M1. 
7. ^ Mark H. Jones, Robert J. Lambourne, David John Adams (2004). An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. p. 21; Figure 1.13. ISBN 0521546230. http://books.google.com/books?id=36K1PfetZegC&pg=PA20&dq=Milky+Way+%22rotation+curve%22&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA21,M1. 
8. ^ F. Combes, Keiichi Wada (2008). "Mapping the Milky Way and the Local Group". Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies. Springer. p. 19. ISBN 0387727671. 

• Equatorial/Galactic conversion tool.
• Galactic coordinates, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
• Universal coordinate converter.
• Fiona Vincent, Positional Astronomy: Galactic coordinates, University of St Andrews
• Star Map in Galactic Perspective